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Glucosamine and chondroitin have been shown in clinical studies to support healthy cartilage and joint function. As a component of cartilage, glucosamine is key for joint function and repair. Our bodies produce a certain amount, but as we grow older, we lose the capacity to make enough. This leads to drying of the cartilage in areas such as the knees, hips, and hands, which in turn causes the cartilage to harden. With this comes joint discomfort and stiffness. Like glucosamine, chondroitin is another major component of cartilage and attracts fluid and helps stimulate the production of cartilage. Chondroitin acts as a carrier of liquid nutrient to the joints, thus supporting healthy fluid balance and joint movement and mobility. Life Extension's Glucosamine/Chondroitin Caps are the highest quality supplement available on the market today. This combination uses only high-quality sources, yet is priced lower than products of comparable potency sold by commercial companies.

L-cysteine is a conditionally essential amino acid, one of only three sulfur-containing amino acids, the others being taurine (which can be produced from L-cysteine) and L-methionine (from which L-cysteine can be produced in the body by a multi-step process). Cysteine plays a role in the sulfation cycle, acting as a sulfur donor in phase II detoxification and as a methyl donor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Cysteine also helps synthesize glutathione, the body?s most important intracellular antioxidant and a vital detoxifier. Glutathione (gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is a peptide (short-protein) molecule synthesized in the body from the three amino acids L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine and glycine. Glutathione is one of the body?s most important and powerful antioxidants, helping to detoxify xenobiotics. A major function of vitamin C is to keep glutathione in its reduced form so that it can continue to provide free radical-quenching effects. Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is a white, crystalline, water-soluble substance found in citrus fruits. As an antioxidant, vitamin C scavenges free radicals in the body and protects tissues from oxidative stress. Vitamin C also promotes the absorption of iron, while preventing its oxidation. Vitamin C is a vital cofactor to the formation of collagen, the connective tissue that supports arterial walls, skin, bones, and teeth. Because humans do not manufacture vitamin C internally, it must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements. Few people realize, however, that vitamin C is a water-soluble nutrient that is quickly oxidized and excreted by the body, which limits its efficacy. Until now, those seeking to capture vitamin C?s optimal health benefits have had no choice but to consume it several times throughout the day.

Glycine is a conditionally essential amino acid that serves as both an inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter. It is the chemically simplest and most omnipresent of all the amino acids. It combines with many toxic substances, converting them to harmless forms which are then excreted. This amino acid has a calming effect on the brain and is also involved in growth. Research suggests that glycine may help promote deeper sleep. Glycine also has a positive impact on attention and memory in adults. Glycine may also help boost the immune defense system and has oxidative stress regulating effects. Most people need to take between one to three grams of glycine to be effective even though studies show high doses are safe. However, most glycine products are only available in 500 mg capsules. That makes taking higher doses cumbersome and costly. However, Life Extension?s glycine comes in either easy-to-swallow 1000-mg capsules or in powder form.

Findings from published scientific literature indicate that resveratrol may be the most effective plant extract for maintaining optimal health and promoting longevity. Research funded by the Life Extension Foundation showed that a combination of low-dose (20 mg) resveratrol plus grapeseed extract mimicked many of the favorable gene expression changes seen in calorie-restricted animals. The Grapeseed Extract with Resveratrol Pterostilbene formula provides a blend of standardized proanthocyanidins found in grapeseed and skins. Grapeseed extract helps to maintain healthy platelet function and other aspects of platelet responses, and protects the central nervous system from reactive oxygen species. This whole grape extract contains a spectrum of polyphenols that are naturally contained in red wine such as proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonoids, etc. This blend also provides standardized trans -resveratrol, the polyphenol in red wine that has shown so many health benefits ? and the plant extract pterostilbene, which researchers have found works synergistically with resveratrol to activate one?s ?longevity genes.? In laboratory tests, pterostilbene has shown promise for supporting cardiovascular health, glucose levels that are already within normal range, anti-aging and cognitive function. It helps improve mitochondrial function and supports healthy metabolic function by activating SIRT1 and mimicking calorie restriction. It has also shown potential to ease inflammation and support antioxidant activity.

HCA (hydroxycitric acid) is a close relative of citric acid, the agent that gives citrus fruits their characteristic tart flavor. HCA is obtained as a 50% standardized extract of Garcinia cambogia , a small fruit from southern India, where it has been used for centuries as a food preservative, flavoring agent, and digestive aid. HCA is a safe, natural supplement for weight management. When calorie intake exceeds the body?s energy needs, the excess glucose is converted into glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscles for future conversion into energy. Weight gain occurs after the body?s capacity for glycogen storage is reached. At this point, glucose from excessive calorie intake is converted into acetyl coenzyme A via a metabolic pathway involving the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase and then into fat molecules, which are stored in fat cells. HCA is a competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, a key enzyme which facilitates the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and triglycerides. HCA may reduce the synthesis of fatty acids in humans during a persistent excess of energy intake as carbohydrate. It has been suggested that HCA promotes weight loss by increasing serotonin levels, reducing hunger and appetite, and suppressing carbohydrate conversion into fat by inhibiting ATP-citrate lyase, * thus regulating fat and obesity related genes. HCA may also attenuate the increases in oxidative stress, and insulin resistance.

The liver is a large glandular organ, whose functions include decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, secretion of bile, and conversion of sugars into glycogen, which it stores. The liver is also responsible for processing many vitamins and nutrients into a form that can be utilized by the body, as well as detoxification of various substances. Modern living involves daily exposure to substances that are toxic to our bodies, which imposes a heavy load on the liver. Therefore, a healthy liver is critical to well-being. Certain lifestyle risks and medical conditions make it all the more important to ensure that the liver is being maintained at its functional best. Endogenous phospholipid is an integral part of all cell membranes and essential for their structural and functional integrity. The chemical structure of an extract from soybeans called PPC (poly-enylphosphatidylcholine) corresponds to that of endogenous phospholipid and integrates in the cell membrane, becoming the cell?s constitutive element. PPC possesses functional superiority because of its content of unsaturated fatty acids. PPC has antioxidant, cytoprotective, and fluid-regulating effects and has been shown to enhance cell membrane function throughout the body. It is believed that PPC?s beneficial effect is based on its ability to be incorporated into liver cell membranes to help restore its structure and the functioning of corresponding enzymes. This results in an increase in membrane fluidity and transport activity across the membrane. PPC also has strong antioxidant properties, which means it may reduce oxidative stress (cellular changes that generate free radicals), may help protect the liver by modulating its immune response. PPC is also incorporated into blood lipoproteins, helping to extend its benefits beyond the liver to promote arterial health. Mounting evidence suggests that PPC supplementation beneficially supports the critical process of reverse cholesterol transport. This process is a well-documented function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) that involves the transport of cholesterol from the arterial walls to the liver for processing. Research also supports PPC?s critical role in helping to reduce LDL oxidation. In fact, a growing body of research shows that PPC can help maintain healthy lipoprotein profiles in those already within normal range. HepatoPro contains PPC (polyenylphosphatidylcholine). Each 900-mg PPC softgel is well-absorbed when taken orally and has no known contraindications, side effects, or drug interactions.

Life Extension has long warned members about the dangers of high homocysteine and has advised supplementation with vitamin B6, folic acid, and vitamin B12 to help maintain healthy arteries. Many doctors and blood laboratories consider homocysteine levels of 5 - 15 micromoles per liter blood to be normal. However, recent reports indicate that maintaining a homocysteine level lower than the 12 micromoles per liter can help maintain cardiac health. Because there is no safe level of homocysteine, Life Extension recommends keeping even lower, preferably below 8 micromoles per liter.Studies have shown that folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 promote healthy homocysteine levels and support endothelial function. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of older individuals, folic acid combined with vitamin B12 supplementation significantly reduced plasma homocysteine concentration by 36%. For those seeking to lower their homocysteine, Homocysteine Resist provides a potent dose of 250 mg of vitamin B6, along with 400 micrograms of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (the biologically active form of folic acid) and 500 micrograms of vitamin B12.?

This standardized extract from the Chinese club moss is an all-natural herbal supplement that has been shown to maintain healthy levels of acetylcholine. This product is standardized for maximum efficacy. This moss has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for promoting optimal memory function.

Successful aging is often dependent on a dynamic immune system. But just having a "strong" immune system isn?t enough. A healthy and youthful body requires balanced immune-cell signaling to maintain effective and responsive immunity. That?s why Life Extension now offers Immune Modulator with Tinofend , a botanical extract that has been shown to support a normal, modulated immune response. The plant known as Tinospora cordifolia has a long tradition of use in Ayurvedic medicine. Tinofend is a standardized extract of active compounds that work synergistically to provide immune-modulatory support. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial found that Tinofend produced significant changes in several immune parameters that are known to help support healthy, immune system modulation. Tinofend promotes optimal immune health in three ways: Helps support the activity that regulates immune response and enhances the function of protective cells called macrophages. Helps limit the number of eosinophils (type of white blood cell) already within normal range. Provides polysaccharides to help optimize the immune system?s normal defenses, including neutrophil (type of white blood cell) function. Immune Modulator with Tinofend provides the versatile Tinospora compounds shown to help maintain the balanced cellular responsiveness, sensitivity and strength of an optimized and properly-modulated immune response.

Immune Protect with PARACTIN contains a combination of patented ingredients that have been clinically shown to boost immune function, increasing the body?s natural ability to combat challenges. Immune Protect with PARACTIN provides 100 milligrams of a proprietary, patented form of beta-glucan that has been shown to activate the host immune system?s primary defenders by activating complementary systems, and enhancing macrophages and natural killer cell function. The immune cell-priming capabilities of this patented, highly purified yeast derivative exceed those of all other sources of immune supplements tested to date. It also contains PARACTIN, an extract of Andrographis paniculata, an herb used in Asia for thousands of years to help with inflammatory factors, which provides significant seasonal support. Among the active compounds of this herb is andrographolide, a phytochemical that exerts powerful immune-boosting effects on the human body. The formula?s patented blend of these andrographolides helps suppress damaging inflammatory cytokines and eases symptomatic discomfort. Only Immune Protect with PARACTIN contains both beta-glucan and PARACTIN to help boost immunity and suppress inflammatory cytokines. This formula also provides 250 milligrams of a standardized extract of camu camu (Myrciaria dubia or wildcrafted berry), a small fruit native to the Amazonian rainforest and one of the richest natural sources of vitamin C. One capsule should be taken daily, especially during the fall and winter months, when immunity is low. The 1,3/1,6-beta-D-glucan complex takes about five days to prime the immune system for optimal protection, so daily supplementation is highly recommended. (For additional support, up to six capsules per day can be taken as needed on a temporary basis.)