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Inositol is a key intermediate of secondary messengers and a primary component of cellular membrane phospholipids which is involved in a number of biological processes. Inositol has been found to be essential for calcium and insulin signal transduction, and serotonin activity modulation. Research indicates inositol is beneficial for stabilizing moods.

Fat cells (adipocytes) secrete a hormone called leptin that tells our brain we have eaten enough. Leptin can also facilitate the breakdown of stored triglycerides in our adipocytes via the process of lipolysis. Heavy individuals have startlingly high blood levels of leptin, indicating that their cells have become resistant to the leptin that is supposed to prevent them from putting on so many fat pounds.An extract from an African mango called Irvingia gabonensishas been shown to help support leptin sensitivity in overweight people. In a recently published study,irvingia demonstrated beneficial effects upon leptin blood levels, followed by weight loss and inches off the waistline.49 In addition tosupporting healthy leptin sensitivity, irvingia has demonstrated the following beneficial effects on key aspects of metabolism: Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is an enzyme involved in the complex biochemical process that converts ingested starch and sugar calories to stored body fat. Irvingia has been shown in studies involving fat cells to reduce the activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,50 which may help reduce the impact of starch and sugar calories on body fat. Scientific research on fat cells suggests that irvingia has alpha-amylase-inhibiting properties51 (like InSea2™ and Phaseolus vulgaris) which can help support a slowing of the rate of carbohydrate absorption from the intestines and a reduction of the caloric impact of starchy and sugary foods.52 Adiponectin is a hormone involved in helping to maintain insulin sensitivity on the membranes of energy-producing cells. Big fat cells produce less adiponectin, and overweight people need to be especially concerned about maintaining healthy levels of adiponectin to support insulin sensitivity and metabolic fitness. Scientific data suggests that irvingia helps support healthy adiponectin levels.50Based on impressive human clinical data that supports weight loss of over 20 pounds on average in 10 weeks,49 this standalone formula of an African mango extract, Integra-Lean® Irvingia, is also available to help promote optimal weight.Please note: This product is designed to target several critical factors involved in age-related weight gain. Those who ingest more calories than what their body has the metabolic capacity to utilize will not see results. This is because some people are ingesting so many excess calories that no matter how much their metabolic rate is increased, or how much improvement occurs in their post-meal blood sugar and serum triglyceride levels, or by how much youthful insulin sensitivity and other body fat-regulating systems are restored, they are overwhelming the metabolic capacity to utilize these calories. This will result in excess calories being stored in adipocytes. One cannot consume limitless calories and expect to shed fat pounds by taking drugs, nutrients, and/or hormones that demonstrate weight-loss effects in clinical studies.

Scientists have identified specific biological mechanisms that cause aging people to gain weight no matter how little they eat. The problem was that there was no way to circumvent the underlying factors that cause excess body fat until now! As you are about to learn, gaining control over your body?s command signals is critical to maintaining a healthy weight. Leptin is a hormone that tells our brain that we have consumed enough calories and can stop eating. Leptin also induces a process whereby fat stored in cells is broken down. As we age, our cells (including the appetite control center in our brains) become "leptin resistant." This means that leptin is unable to effectively regulate body weight. Adult-onset weight gain is characterized by the enlargement of existing adipocytes (fat cells) that store too much fat. The size of fat cells is controlled by gene transcription factors. Fat cell size is closely related with adiponectin expression 0 with reduced adiponectin expression in larger fat cells. In addition, gene transcription factors help regulate adiponectin, and this crucial hormone is critical for supporting insulin sensitivity.

Iron is an integral part of many proteins and enzymes that maintain good health. In humans, iron is an essential component of proteins involved in oxygen transport. It is also essential for the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. A deficiency of iron limits oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, poor work performance, and decreased immunity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron can result in toxicity and even death. Supplementation with iron protein succinylate has been shown to: Promote healthy red blood cell for-mation. Support healthy oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (hemoglobin). Iron protein succinylate is a highly absorbable form of iron and is easier on the stomach than other forms of iron. Iron protein succinylate is a non-toxic iron compound.

Maintaining healthy, flexible joints is essential to quality of life. Joint stiffness and discomfort can stand in the way of performing even simple everyday tasks.Most people do not obtain critical nutrients shown to support youthful joint function and mobility. To meet this need, Life Extension introduces Krill Healthy Joint Formula, a patent-pending blend of deep-sea krill oil sourced in Antarctica, combined with hyaluronic acid and astaxanthin. In a recent clinical trial involving over 100 maturing individuals, a 55% reduction in joint discomfort was observed in less than three months, with 63% of participants maintaining ease of motion. Three compounds for specific benefits New data reveals that whole krill oil is particularly effective for joint health. These fatty acids have been shown to specifically target joint tissue.Hyaluronic acid occurs naturally in the joints, where it acts to lubricate and cushion against repeated physical impacts. Because it forms a major component of cartilage and soft tissue, it is widely used to promote joint health.The difficulty has been that hyaluronic acid is a large molecule not well absorbed by the body. When combined with krill oil, it has been shown to reach significantly higher levels in the bloodstream than in standalone form.Krill oil is a natural source of the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin. Astaxanthin works in multiple ways, including suppression of free radical activity and enhanced mitochondrial function. It also maintains krill oil?s molecular stability.Most commercially available krill oils do not contain significant amounts of astaxanthin because it is nearly eliminated during processing. Krill Healthy Joint Formula is fortified with astaxanthin, for maximum stability and superior benefit.Just one capsule a day of Krill Healthy Joint Formula duplicates successful human clinical trials.

A major cause of aging is a reduction in the energy-producing components of the cell, resulting in reduced cellular metabolic activity, and the accumulation of cellular debris. L-carnitine helps maintain cellular energy metabolism by assisting in the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria within the cell, where fats are oxidized to produce the cellular energy (adenosine triphosphate or ATP).

Over time, levels of carnitine diminish in all of our tissues, reducing cellular energy production and metabolic activity-a major cause of aging. For those whose regimen demands higher potencies, Life Extension now offers L-Carnitine Powder with Natural Lemon Flavor. Maintaining normal levels of carnitine supports the optimum functioning of the mitochondria, the powerhouses found within human cells. Mitochondria produce the energy that our vital tissues need to keep us vibrant, healthy, and young-and for life itself. Carnitine: Helps maintain cellular metabolic activity by assisting in the intracellular transport of fatty acids from the cell fluid into the mitochondria, where fats are oxidized to generate cellular energy. Helps inhibit excess accumulation of cellular debris. Supports a healthy concentration of nitric oxide, which helps endothelial cells relax and maintain blood flow-supporting proper blood pressure. Helps the body maintain healthy body fat composition, which in turn supports insulin sensitivity and healthy blood sugar levels already within normal range. Supports brain cells? natural defenses against age-related memory and cognitive decline. Support the optimum functioning of your mitochondria with a high quality L-carnitine supplement-now available as L-Carnitine Powder with Natural Lemon Flavor. A one-scoop serving of L-Carnitine Powder with Natural Lemon Flavor provides 1,000 mg L-carnitine (from L-carnitine tartrate). Depending on individual requirements and carnitine you may be obtaining in other formulas, one to two scoops may be taken daily with or without food. The advantage of L-Carnitine Powder is to enable convenient supplementation with higher doses. Those who prefer capsules can choose from several carnitine formulas available from Life Extension.

Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that generates energy and helps increase strength, quicker recovery, and exercise endurance. Blood ammonia concentration increases during endurance exercise and has been proposed as a cause for both peripheral and central fatigue. In trials, glutamine supplementation reduced the accumulation of blood ammonia during prolonged, strenuous exercise in high-level athletes. As an immune booster, glutamine supplementation may prevent the negative effects of strenuous exercise on immune function. Moreover, glutamine supplementation has a protective effect in the DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and apoptosis, and in regulation of the inflammatory process and immune suppression, which are induced by a single session of exercise. Glutamine also plays an important role in maintaining functional integrity of the gut. As a gut-trophic factor, glutamine improves intestinal function, allowing better absorption of nutrients. It can be helpful to someone challenged with muscle loss or determined to help maintain optimal immune function while under heavy stress.

Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that generates energy and helps increase strength, quicker recovery, and exercise endurance. Blood ammonia concentration increases during endurance exercise and has been proposed as a cause for both peripheral and central fatigue. In trials, glutamine supplementation reduced the accumulation of blood ammonia during prolonged, strenuous exercise in high-level athletes. As an immune booster, glutamine supplementation may prevent the negative effects of strenuous exercise on immune function. Moreover, glutamine supplementation has a protective effect in the DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and apoptosis, and in regulation of the inflammatory process and immune suppression, which are induced by a single session of exercise. Glutamine also plays an important role in maintaining functional integrity of the gut. As a gut-trophic factor, glutamine improves intestinal function, allowing better absorption of nutrients. It can be helpful to someone challenged with muscle loss or determined to help maintain optimal immune function while under heavy stress.

Lysine is an essential amino acid necessary for growth and to help maintain nitrogen balance in the body. It may help promote proper nitrogen balance in the body and prevent glycation, the bonding of a sugar and protein or lipid molecule accelerated by elevated levels of sugar in the blood. Lysine has many functions in the body because it is incorporated into many proteins, which are used for a variety of purposes. Most people consume adequate amounts of lysine. However, vegans whose diets contain large amounts of grains and only minimal amounts of beans could become lysine deficient. Athletes involved in frequent vigorous exercise have an increased need for essential amino acids, although most diets meet these increased needs. The essential amino acid requirements of burn patients may exceed the amount of lysine in the diet. Lysine supplementation has been shown to increase the absorption and retention of calcium. Some researchers believe that the disturbed balance of arginine and lysine may play a role in viral problems. Lysine works with other essential amino acids to maintain growth, lean body mass and the body?s store of nitrogen. In addition, dietary supplementation with the essential amino acid L-lysine has been shown to promote relaxation in humans with low dietary intake of L-lysine. L-lysine, together with arginine, has been documented to promote healthy hormonal stress responses in humans.

Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid produced from cysteine by the body and found abundantly in the body, particularly throughout the excitable tissues of the central nervous system, where it is thought to have a regulating influence. However, taurine is deficient in many diets and may not be sufficiently produced by the body in certain disease states.

Although biochemistry is a big factor, we?re also affected by what happens to us in our lives. We?re all hit by unpleasant events that may cause brain levels of norepinephrine and dopamine to fall temporarily. People with naturally large reserves usually get through the troubling times with minimal difficulties, but those with initially low chemical levels are more likely to be affected. The Japanese have long known that L-theanine , an amino acid derived from green tea, is a natural relaxant that diminishes stress, without drowsiness, impaired thought, or other side effects. L-theanine produces calming effects in the brain in ways that have been compared to meditation, massage, and aromatherapy. L-theanine induces relaxation without causing drowsiness. In fact, studies show that L-theanine enhances the brain?s ability to concentrate, learn, and remember. L-theanine increases GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that not only induces relaxation but also produces a sense of well-being. L-theanine may normalize levels of dopamine, a critical brain hormone that is depleted by various stress factors. A Host of Health-Enhancing Benefits Research shows that L-theanine has numerous health-enhancing effects, including promoting healthy cognitive function. In studies of neurons in cell culture, L-theanine reversed glutamate- or other neurotoxicant-induced neurotoxicity, a major cause of normal brain aging. Beware of Imitations : The L-theanine used in Natural Stress Relief is Suntheanine, the only pure form of L-theanine protected by 40 internationally recognized patents and scientifically proven in clinical studies to be safe and efficacious. Independent laboratory analysis has verified that certain other products on the market claiming to contain ?L-theanine? are only half L-theanine, the other half being a different form of theanine known as ?D-theanine? which has not been scientifically evaluated in published studies.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter made in the brain from tryptophan. Serotonin has been associated with positive moods and restful sleep. To produce and maintain optimum serotonin levels, your body requires tryptophan , an essential amino acid, which means that your body cannot produce it. In the body, tryptophan has been shown to: Improve sleep Enhance mood Modulate stress Life Extension offers L-Tryptophan Capsules to broadly and powerfully support tryptophan levels already within the normal range. Life Extension's L-Tryptophan Capsules contain premium L-tryptophan which has undergone significantly more rigorous manufacturing processes than regular tryptophan material, to assure the highest purity and safety.

Lactoferrin is one of the transferrin proteins that transfer iron to the cells and control the level of free iron in the blood and external secretions. It has antimicrobial activity and is part of the innate defense. Though human colostrum (?first milk?) has the highest concentration, followed by human milk, then cow?s milk, lactoferrin is found throughout the human body. Published studies examining lactoferrin as a supplement and its beneficial effects on immunity have been quite promising. Lactoferrin helps maintain a proper level of ?good? bacteria in the intestinal tract, while controlling the number of "bad" bacteria. Lactoferrin is also known to have an extremely high affinity to bind to iron. Studies show that apolactoferrin, the iron-depleted form of lactoferrin, has unique benefits and may be superior to lactoferrin for supplementation. Life Extension?s lactoferrin supplement from bovine whey contains only the superior apolactoferrin form of this important whey.

Lecithin contains all the phosphatides found naturally in cell membranes. Lecithin works by increasing the cell membrane ratio of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine to cholesterol, maintaining cell membrane structure and increasing cell membrane fluidity.